安哥拉长毛兔是的长毛兔品种，其适应能力强、耐粗饲、产毛量高，在各地均有饲养。安哥拉长毛兔从出生到30日龄断奶前的时期称为仔兔，从断奶到90日龄时称幼兔。幼兔时期胃肠发育不完善；生长快，采食量大，饮水多，日粮要求高；消化器官发育不成熟，抵抗力较弱，易患消化道疾病，是整个安哥拉长毛兔生命过程中发病率和死亡率的阶段。要提高安哥拉长毛兔养殖效益，必须做好幼兔时期的饲养管理。

　　Angola long haired rabbit is a famous breed of long haired rabbit with strong adaptability, tolerance to rough feeding, and high hair production. It is raised in various places. The period from birth to weaning at 30 days of age in Angora long haired rabbits is called juvenile rabbits, and from weaning to 90 days of age is called juvenile rabbits. Immature gastrointestinal development during the juvenile rabbit stage; Fast growth, large feed intake, abundant drinking water, high dietary requirements; With immature digestive organs, weak resistance and susceptibility to digestive tract diseases, Angora angora angora angora rabbits have the highest incidence rate and mortality in their life. To improve the breeding efficiency of Angora long haired rabbits, it is necessary to do a good job in the feeding and management of young rabbits.

　　1幼兔期的生理特点

　　Physiological characteristics of juvenile rabbits

　　1. 胃肠发育不完善。安哥拉长毛兔是草食性动物，在消化系统中，家兔的牙齿、盲肠的结构和生理特点都与其食性相适应。安哥拉长毛兔的门齿长在上下颌的位置，适于切断草料等食物；臼齿长在上下颌的两侧，有比较宽阔的咀嚼面，便于磨碎草料。成年安哥拉长毛兔有特别发达的盲肠，盲肠内部有大量的微生物（主要是细菌）、原虫和比较稳定的微生物区系，并可通过食粪行为不断补充和调整微生物菌群结构和数量。发达的盲肠酷似一个天然发酵袋，进入盲肠的食物残渣可在盲肠微生物的作用下将植物纤维转变为含氮化合物而被家兔吸收利用。但幼兔盲肠内的微生物区系仍处在一个动态发育阶段，只能代表成年兔微生物菌群结构的80%～90%，只有到60日龄前后，幼兔的盲肠才能基本发育完善并正常发挥其生理功能。

　　1. Incomplete gastrointestinal development. The Angora long haired rabbit is a herbivorous animal. In the digestive system, the structure and physiological characteristics of the rabbit's teeth and cecum are adapted to its diet. The incisors of the Angora long haired rabbit are located in the center of the upper and lower jaws, suitable for cutting grass and other food; Molar teeth are located on both sides of the upper and lower jaws, with a relatively wide chewing surface, making it easy to grind grass. Adult Angora long haired rabbits have a particularly developed cecum, which contains a large number of microorganisms (mainly bacteria), protozoa, and a relatively stable microbial community. The microbiota structure and quantity can be continuously supplemented and adjusted through fecal feeding behavior. The developed cecum resembles a natural fermentation bag, and the food residue entering the cecum can be converted into nitrogen-containing compounds by the action of cecal microorganisms, which can be absorbed and utilized by rabbits. However, the microbial community in the cecum of young rabbits is still in a dynamic developmental stage, representing only 80% to 90% of the microbial community structure of adult rabbits. Only around 60 days of age can the cecum of young rabbits develop and function normally.

　　2. 代谢旺盛，生长快，食量大，喝水多，营养物质要求高。安哥拉长毛兔幼兔代谢旺盛，30日龄断奶仔兔体重可达到0.7千克左右，为初生体重的8～9倍；到90日龄，幼兔体重已经可以达到2.2～2.5千克。因此，幼兔需要吃进更多的食物，用以维持单位体重所需要的营养物质，对日粮营养浓度和营养水平的要求也高。幼兔从断奶时每天吃料70克，到90日龄时每天吃料就不少于200克，采食量比大。

　　2. High metabolism, fast growth, large food intake, plenty of water, and high nutrient requirements. Angora long haired rabbit pups have a strong metabolism, and at 30 days of age, weaned offspring can reach a weight of about 0.7 kilograms, which is 8-9 times their birth weight; By 90 days of age, the weight of young rabbits can reach 2.2-2.5 kilograms. Therefore, young rabbits need to consume more food to maintain the required nutrients per unit weight, and have high requirements for the nutrient concentration and level of the diet. From weaning, young rabbits eat 70 grams of feed per day, and by 90 days of age, they eat no less than 200 grams of feed per day, with their feed intake increasing day by day.

　　3. 抵抗力较弱，易得消化道疾病。安哥拉长毛兔断奶幼兔消化器官发育不完善，其重量和容积尚小。断奶前的仔兔，消化器官为了更好地消化乳汁，体内乳糖酶的活性比较高，但是麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶等这些消化酶的分泌量却不足。因此，仔兔缺乏对蛋白质和淀粉足够强的消化率能力。但是，在仔兔断奶后，饲料中乳糖含量降低，胃内的总酸度降低，胃内乳酸的生成量也会降低；某些饲料中的蛋白质和无机阳离子与胃酸发生结合，即可降低幼兔对蛋白质的消化能力，并引起消化障碍，导致胃肠道病原微生物大量繁殖，从而破坏幼兔消化道内正常的微生物区系平衡状态。所以，幼兔消化系统疾病（如肠炎等） 多发。

　　3. Weak resistance and susceptibility to gastrointestinal diseases. The digestive organs of weaned Angora long haired rabbits are underdeveloped, and their weight and volume are still small. Before weaning, the digestive organs of young rabbits have a higher activity of lactase in order to better digest milk, but the secretion of digestive enzymes such as maltase, sucrase, trypsin, amylase, etc. is insufficient. Therefore, young rabbits lack sufficient digestion ability for protein and starch. However, after weaning, the lactose content in the feed decreases, the total acidity in the stomach decreases, and the production of lactic acid in the stomach also decreases; The binding of proteins and inorganic cations in certain feed with stomach acid can reduce the digestion ability of young rabbits towards proteins and cause digestive disorders, leading to the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and disrupting the normal microbial balance in the digestive tract of young rabbits. So, digestive system diseases such as enteritis are more common in young rabbits.

　　另外，断奶幼兔体温调力差，对寒冷刺激敏感，易受冷、热应激的影响，也容易得消化系统疾病。

　　In addition, weaned young rabbits have poor temperature regulation ability, are sensitive to cold stimuli, are easily affected by cold and heat stress, and are also prone to digestive system diseases.

　　2饲养管理措施

　　2. Feeding and management measures

　　1. 断奶后，生长环境与断奶前基本保持不变。安哥拉长毛兔仔兔刚断奶时，改变了原来和母兔一起生活的环境，对新环境的适应能力很差；特别是离开母乳喂养，完全依靠采食幼兔日粮之后，胃肠功能还不能一时得到完全适应；找不到母兔，感到孤独。所以断奶后的幼兔可能会出现不吃、不喝、拉稀等亚健康现象。因此，在管理上，断奶时实行“移母不移仔”的方法，直接把仔兔留在原兔舍喂养，直接将母兔提走；断奶前补什么料，还喂什么料，不要随便更换；饮水中添加活菌益生素等微生态制剂，以减轻因离开母兔引起的应激；断奶后的幼兔，按体重大小、性别不同，分群饲养，一般笼养的每笼4～5只，群养时每群10只左右为宜，不可一兔一笼，以减轻孤独感。同时，要在1周内把胎毛全部剪去，以增强血液循环，促进幼兔生长发育。

　　After weaning, the growth environment remains basically unchanged from before weaning. When the Angora long haired rabbit cub was just weaned, it changed its original living environment with the mother rabbit and had poor adaptability to the new environment; Especially after leaving breastfeeding and relying solely on feeding young rabbits, gastrointestinal function cannot be fully adapted in the short term; Unable to find the mother rabbit, feeling lonely. So weaned young rabbits may experience sub-health symptoms such as not eating, not drinking, and diarrhea. Therefore, in terms of management, the method of "moving the mother without moving the offspring" is implemented during weaning, where the offspring rabbits are directly left in the original rabbit house for feeding and the mother rabbits are directly taken away; What feed should be supplemented before weaning, what feed should be fed, and do not change it casually; Adding probiotics and other probiotics to drinking water to alleviate stress caused by leaving the mother rabbit; After weaning, young rabbits should be raised in groups according to their weight and gender. Generally, 4-5 rabbits are housed in cages, and about 10 rabbits are recommended in groups. It is not advisable to have one rabbit per cage to reduce loneliness. At the same time, all fetal hair should be cut off within one week to enhance blood circulation and promote the growth and development of young rabbits.

　　2. 保证日龄营养和品质。在配制幼兔日龄时，要尽量减少玉米等高能量饲料、增加苜蓿草粉等高纤维饲料的配比，对防止幼兔肠炎有良好的作用。苜蓿草粉中含有丰富的蛋白质，而且兔对苜蓿草粉中的蛋白质消化率高达75%～80%。可参考以下配方：苜蓿草粉54%、小麦粉20%、豆饼粉21%、废糖蜜（制糖业加工副产品）3%、油脂1.25%、磷酸钙0.25%、食盐0.5%。严禁饲喂发酵酸败、发霉变质的饲料。

　　2. Ensure age nutrition and quality. When preparing the age of young rabbits, it is advisable to minimize the proportion of high-energy feed such as corn and increase the proportion of high fiber feed such as alfalfa powder, which has a good effect on preventing enteritis in young rabbits. Alfalfa powder contains abundant protein, and rabbits have a high digestion rate of 75% to 80% for protein in alfalfa powder. The following formula can be referred to: alfalfa flour 54%, wheat flour 20%, soybean cake flour 21%, waste molasses (a by-product of sugar processing) 3%, oil 1.25%, calcium phosphate 0.25%, and salt 0.5%. It is strictly prohibited to feed fermented, rancid, moldy or spoiled feed.

　　3. 拌入适量牛奶。为了使幼兔消化道能更快地形成新的微生物群系，以适应断奶后消化饲料的能力，可在幼兔日粮中添加适量奶牛或奶粉，特别对身体孱弱或准备留作繁殖扩群用的幼兔，能明显提高成活率。

　　3. Mix in an appropriate amount of milk. In order to enable the digestive tract of young rabbits to form a new microbial community more quickly and adapt to the ability to digest feed after weaning, an appropriate amount of dairy cows or milk powder can be added to the diet of young rabbits, especially for those who are weak or prepared for breeding and expansion, which can significantly improve the survival rate.

　　4. 喂料定时限量，少喂多餐。断奶后的安哥拉长毛兔幼兔食量大，贪吃，饲喂时必须定时、限量，尤其是幼兔喜食的青绿多汁饲料（如蔬菜叶等），一次不能喂得过多，以防伤食和拉稀。每天的饲喂时间要固定。在每次喂食后，要观察料槽中是否有剩料，或是否加料不足，以确定下次的喂料量，尽量做到喂料量足又无剩料。同时，添料时注意观察兔的粪便软硬、消化等情况，以合理调整喂料量。

　　4. Feeding should be timed and limited, with less feeding and more meals. Weaned Angora long haired rabbits have a large appetite and are greedy. They must be fed at regular intervals and in limited quantities, especially the green and juicy feed (such as vegetable leaves) that young rabbits like to eat. They should not be fed too much at once to prevent food damage and diarrhea. The feeding time should be fixed every day. After each feeding, it is necessary to observe whether there is any leftover material or insufficient feeding in the feeding trough to determine the next feeding amount, and try to ensure that the feeding amount is sufficient without any leftover material. At the same time, pay attention to observing the softness, digestion, and other conditions of rabbit feces when adding feed, in order to adjust the feeding amount reasonably.

　　5. 注意天气变化。注意秋末冬初、冬末春初气候变化情况，做好气温突变时幼兔的应急防护，防止受凉感冒和肺炎。炎热季节，注意降温，预防热应激。

　　5. Pay attention to weather changes. Pay attention to climate change in late autumn and early winter, as well as in late winter and early spring. Take emergency measures for young rabbits during sudden temperature changes to prevent catching colds and pneumonia. During the hot season, pay attention to cooling down and prevent heat stress.

　　6. 做好卫生防疫工作。幼兔阶段，容易诱发多种传染病，必须抓好卫生防疫。平时要搞好笼舍清洁卫生，保持环境清洁，每天早晚各打扫一次笼舍内粪便，定期洗刷兔笼内壁及垫板、料槽，保持笼舍通风良好，定期对饲养工具、笼舍、产仔巢箱等进行彻底的有效；定期杀虫灭鼠；饮用深井水或自来水，防止水源污染。夏季雨多，幼兔容易诱发球虫病，可在饲料中适当添加盐酸氯苯胍、磺胺类药物等；饲料中经常加入切碎的洋葱、大蒜等，可防病促长。刚断奶的仔兔不要急于注射疫苗，待适应新环境后，再给幼兔开始免疫接种。可肌内注射兔病毒性出血症、多杀性巴氏杆菌病二联灭活疫苗，用量为1毫升/只，预防兔病毒性出血症（兔瘟） 和兔多杀性巴氏杆菌病（兔出血性败血症）；间隔5天，再皮下注射兔产气荚膜梭菌病（A型） 灭活疫苗，用量为2毫升/只，预防产气荚膜梭菌病（魏氏梭菌病）。

　　6. Carry out hygiene and epidemic prevention work. During the juvenile rabbit stage, it is easy to induce various infectious diseases, and it is necessary to pay attention to hygiene and epidemic prevention. Usually, it is necessary to keep the cage clean and hygienic, maintain a clean environment, clean the feces in the cage once a day in the morning and once in the evening, regularly wash the inner walls, pads, and feeding troughs of the rabbit cage, maintain good ventilation in the cage, and regularly disinfect the feeding tools, cage, litter box, etc. thoroughly and effectively; Regular insecticide and rodent control; Drinking deep well water or tap water to prevent water source pollution. Summer rain is heavy, and young rabbits are prone to parasitic diseases. Chlorpheniramine hydrochloride and sulfonamide drugs can be added to the feed appropriately; Frequently adding chopped onions, garlic, etc. to feed can prevent diseases and promote growth. Newly weaned rabbits should not rush to receive vaccines. After adapting to the new environment, start immunizing the young rabbits. Intramuscular injection of rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease and Pasteurella multocida dual inactivated vaccine, with a dosage of 1 milliliter per rabbit, to prevent rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (rabbit plague) and rabbit hemorrhagic sepsis (rabbit sepsis); After a 5-day interval, subcutaneous injection of inactivated rabbit Clostridium perfringens (type A) vaccine is administered at a dose of 2 milliliters per rabbit to prevent Clostridium perfringens (Weiss disease).

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