长毛兔作为重要的经济毛用动物，其配偶时期的选择直接关系到繁殖效率与后代品质。了解长毛兔的生理特性与行为规律，科学把握配偶时机，是养殖户提升经济效益的关键。

　　As an important economic fur animal, the selection of mating period for long haired rabbits directly affects reproductive efficiency and offspring quality. Understanding the physiological characteristics and behavioral patterns of long haired rabbits, and scientifically grasping the timing of mating, are key factors for farmers to improve their economic efficiency.

　　长毛兔的性成熟年龄通常在46月龄，但具体时间受品种、营养状况及环境因素影响。公兔性成熟后，睾丸开始分泌雄性激素，表现为睾丸体积增大、体重增加，并出现爬跨行为。母兔性成熟时，卵巢开始周期性排卵，进入发情周期。

　　The sexual maturity age of long haired rabbits is usually between 4 to 6 months old, but the specific time is affected by breed, nutritional status, and environmental factors. After male rabbits reach sexual maturity, their testicles begin to secrete male hormones, manifested as increased testicular volume, weight gain, and crawling behavior. When the female rabbit reaches sexual maturity, the ovaries begin to ovulate periodically and enter the estrus cycle.

　　长毛兔的发情周期具有季节性特点。在自然光照条件下，春季与秋季是发情高峰期，这与光照时间与温度变化密切相关。人工养殖环境中，通过调控光照时间与强度，可实现全年均衡发情。母兔发情周期平均为16天，分为发情期、发情后期与间情期。发情期持续23天，是配偶的时机。

　　The estrus cycle of long haired rabbits has seasonal characteristics. Under natural lighting conditions, spring and autumn are the peak periods of estrus, which is closely related to changes in lighting time and temperature. In artificial breeding environments, by regulating the duration and intensity of light, balanced estrus can be achieved throughout the year. The average estrus cycle of female rabbits is 16 days, divided into estrus period, late estrus period, and estrus period. The estrus period lasts for 2 to 3 days, which is the best time for spouses.

　　母兔发情期间行为变化显著。初期表现为躁动不安、食欲减退、频繁活动，随着发情进展，会出现阴部红肿、分泌黏液等生理变化。养殖户可通过观察母兔行为与阴部状态，结合试情公兔反应，准确判断发情阶段。试情公兔对母兔气味敏感，发情母兔会主动接近公兔，并呈现伏卧待配姿势。

　　The behavior of female rabbits changes significantly during estrus. The initial symptoms include restlessness, decreased appetite, and frequent activity. As estrus progresses, physiological changes such as redness and swelling of the genital area and secretion of mucus may occur. Farmers can accurately determine the estrus stage by observing the behavior and genital condition of female rabbits, combined with the reaction of male rabbits in the trial. Male rabbits in estrus are sensitive to the scent of female rabbits, and female rabbits in estrus will actively approach them and adopt a lying down position for mating.

　　配偶时期的选择需考虑多重因素。母兔排卵为刺激性排卵，需在交配后1012小时完成受精。因此，配偶时机为母兔发情中后期，此时卵子成熟度与子宫环境均处于状态。公兔精液品质在早晨与傍晚达到高峰，选择此时段进行配偶，可提高受孕率。

　　The choice of spouse period needs to consider multiple factors. The ovulation of female rabbits is stimulated ovulation, which requires fertilization to be completed 10 to 12 hours after mating. Therefore, the best mate timing is during the mid to late stage of estrus in female rabbits, when both egg maturity and uterine environment are in optimal condition. The quality of male rabbit semen reaches its peak in the morning and evening, and choosing this time for mating can improve the fertility rate.

　　为提升繁殖效率，养殖户需建立科学的配偶管理制度。对后备种兔实施分群饲养，避免过早配偶导致发育受阻。成年种兔采取“一公多母”配偶模式，公兔使用频率以每周23次为宜，防止过度使用导致精液品质下降。配偶后需及时记录配偶日期与母兔反应，为妊娠诊断与产期推算提供依据。

　　To improve breeding efficiency, farmers need to establish a scientific spouse management system. Implement group feeding for reserve rabbits to avoid premature mating and developmental delays. Adult breeding rabbits adopt a "one male, multiple female" mating mode, with a recommended frequency of 2-3 times per week for male rabbits to prevent excessive use from causing a decrease in semen quality. After becoming a spouse, it is necessary to promptly record the spouse's date and the mother rabbit's reaction, providing a basis for pregnancy diagnosis and delivery date calculation.

　　在配偶过程中，需特别注意环境控制。配偶场所需保持安静、干燥，避免强光直射与噪音干扰。配偶前对母兔外阴部进行清洁，防止细菌感染。配偶后避免立即投喂饲料，防止母兔因消化负担影响受精卵着床。

　　During the process of marriage, special attention should be paid to environmental control. The spouse's place should be kept quiet and dry, avoiding direct sunlight and noise interference. Before mating, clean the external genitalia of the female rabbit to prevent bacterial infection. Avoid feeding feed immediately after mating to prevent the female rabbit from affecting the implantation of fertilized eggs due to digestive burden.

　　长毛兔的妊娠期平均为31天，配偶后1215天可进行妊娠诊断。通过触摸母兔腹部，可感知胚胎活动。妊娠期需加强营养供给，提高饲料中蛋白质与维生素含量，为胎儿发育提供充足营养。

　　The average gestation period of long haired rabbits is 31 days, and pregnancy diagnosis can be made 12 to 15 days after the spouse. By touching the abdomen of the female rabbit, embryonic activity can be perceived. During pregnancy, it is necessary to strengthen nutritional supply, increase the protein and vitamin content in feed, and provide sufficient nutrition for fetal development.

　　长毛兔的配偶时期选择需结合生理特性、行为表现与环境因素，通过科学管理实现繁殖。养殖户需不断积累实践经验，优化配偶策略，以提升长毛兔养殖的综合效益。

　　The selection of mate period for long haired rabbits should be based on physiological characteristics, behavioral performance, and environmental factors, and achieve efficient reproduction through scientific management. Farmers need to continuously accumulate practical experience and optimize mate strategies to enhance the comprehensive benefits of raising long haired rabbits.

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